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CA Intermediate Syllabus 2023 (New & Old) - The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has released the new CA Intermediate syllabus under the ICAI New Scheme of Education and Training 2023 on its official website - icai.org on July 1, 2023. The institute has notified that the New Scheme of Education (CA New Scheme) will not be applicable for the November 2023 session. The last CA Intermediate exam under the old syllabus of the existing scheme would be conducted in November 2023. Candidates are therefore advised to prepare using the old syllabus (Existing scheme). Candidates can download the CA Intermediate 2023 syllabus in pdf format from the BoS Knowledge Portal of the official ICAI website. Candidates registered for the May/November session exam must keep the syllabus as their first reference point before commencing their preparation. CA Intermediate exams will be conducted twice in 2023 - once in May and then in November.
Don't Miss: CA Intermediate Syllabus under New Scheme
The CA Intermediate question paper is based on the syllabus provided by ICAI. Candidates should be aware that ICAI will form the question paper only on the basis of the new syllabus. Thus, before starting their preparation for the CA Intermediate exams, it is vital for candidates to check the official syllabus and formulate a study plan accordingly. Complete information related to the CA Intermediate exams, topics and sub-topics covered are mentioned in the syllabus.
Before moving the details of the CA Inter syllabus for November 2023, let's briefly look at the new CA Inter syllabus under the new scheme
As per the new CA intermediate syllabus released on July 1, 2023 by ICAI, the following 6 papers are included in it. The first CA Inter exam under the new scheme will be conducted in May 2024
Paper 1 | Advanced Accounting |
Paper 2 | Corporate and Other Laws |
Paper 3 | Taxation |
Paper 4 | Cost and Management Accounting |
Paper 5 | Auditing and Ethics |
Paper 6 | Financial Management and Strategic Management |
As per the exam pattern of CA Intermediate 2023 under the old syllabus, there are eight papers of 100 marks each. Candidates need to focus on these papers while preparing for the exam. The eight papers are split into two different groups.
Groups | Papers | Details |
Group 1 | Paper-1 | Accounting |
Paper-2 | Corporate and Other Laws | |
Paper-3 | Cost and Management Accounting | |
Paper-4 | Taxation | |
Group 2 | Paper-5 | Advanced Accounting |
Paper-6 | Auditing and Assurance | |
Paper-7 | Enterprise Information Systems & Strategic Management | |
Paper-8 | Financial Management & Economics for Finance |
On the basis of papers mentioned above, the CA Intermediate syllabus for the May 2023 exams is as follows.
Group I
There are four papers in Group-I of CA Intermediate syllabus May 2023.
Objective - To acquire the ability to apply specific accounting standards and legislations to different transactions and events and in preparation and presentation of financial statements of various business entities. | |
1. Process of formulation of Accounting Standards including Ind AS (IFRS converged standards) and IFRSs; convergence vs adoption; objective and concepts of carve-outs | |
2. Framework for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (as per Accounting Standards) | |
3. Applications of Accounting Standards: | AS 1 : Disclosure of Accounting Policies AS 2 : Valuation of Inventories AS 3 : Cash Flow Statements AS 10 : Property, Plant and Equipment AS 11 : The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates AS 12 : Accounting for Government Grants AS 13 : Accounting for Investments AS 16 : Borrowing Costs |
4. Company Accounts | (i) Preparation of financial statements - Statement of Profit and Loss, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement; (ii) Managerial Remuneration; (iii) Profit (Loss) prior to incorporation; (iv) Accounting for bonus issue and right issue; (v) Redemption of preference shares; (vi) Redemption of debentures |
5. Accounting for Special Transactions: | (i) Investment; (ii) Insurance claims for loss of stock and loss of profit; (iii) Hire- purchase and Instalment sale transactions |
6. Special Type of Accounting | (i) Departmental Accounting; (ii) Accounting for Branches including foreign branches; (iii) Accounts from Incomplete Records |
PART I – COMPANY LAW (60 MARKS) | |
Objective - To develop an understanding of the provisions of company law and acquire the ability to address application-oriented issues. | |
The Companies Act, 2013 – Sections 1 to 148 1. Preliminary 2. Incorporation of Company and Matters Incidental thereto 3. Prospectus and Allotment of Securities 4. Share Capital and Debentures 5. Acceptance of Deposits by companies 6. Registration of Charges 7. Management and Administration 8. Declaration and Payment of Dividend 9. Accounts of Companies 10. Audit and Auditors | |
PART II – OTHER LAWS (40 MARKS) | |
Objective - (a) To develop an understanding of the provisions of select legislations and acquire the ability to address application-oriented issues. (b) To develop an understanding of the rules for interpretation of statutes | |
1. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Specific contracts covered from section 123 onwards) | Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee, Bailment, Pledge, Agency |
2. The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 | Meaning of Negotiable Instruments, Characteristics, Classification of Instruments, Different provisions relating to Negotiation, Negotiability, Assignability, Right and Obligation of parties, presentment of Instruments, Rules of Compensation |
3. The General Clauses Act, 1897 | Important Definitions, Extent and Applicability, General Rules of Construction, Powers and Functionaries, Provisions as to Orders, Rules, etc. made under Enactments, Miscellaneous |
4. Interpretation of statutes | Rules of Interpretation of statutes, Aids to interpretation, Rules of Interpretation/construction of Deeds and Documents |
Objectives - (a) To develop an understanding of the basic concepts and applications to establish the cost associated with the production of products and provision of services and apply the same to determine prices. (b) To develop an understanding of cost accounting statements. (c) To acquire the ability to apply information for cost ascertainment, planning, control and decision making. | |||||||
1. Overview of Cost and Management Accounting | (i) Introduction to Cost and Management Accounting- a) Objectives and Scope of Cost and Management Accounting, b) The users of Cost and Management accounting information, Functions of management accounting c) Role of cost accounting department in an organisation and its relation with other departments d) Installation of Costing System e) Relationship of Cost Accounting, Financial Accounting, Management Accounting and Financial Management. f) Cost terms and Concepts g) Cost Reduction and Cost Control h) Elements of Costs i) Cost behavior pattern, Separating the components of fixed, variable, semivariable and step costs. j) Methods of Costing, Techniques of Costing. k) Cost Accounting with use of Information Technology (ii) Elements of Cost and preparation of Cost Sheets a) Functional classification and ascertainment of cost b) Preparation of Cost Sheets for Manufacturing sector and for the Service sector | ||||||
2. Ascertainment of Cost and Cost Accounting System | (i) Material Cost a) Procurement procedures- Store procedures and documentation in respect of receipts and issue of stock, Stock verification, b) Valuation of material receipts, c) Inventory control- Techniques of fixing level of stocks - minimum, maximum, re-order point, safety stock, determination of optimum stock level, - Determination of Optimum Order quantity- Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), - Techniques of Inventory control- ABC Analysis, Fast, Slow moving and Non moving (FSN), High, Medium, Low (HML), Vital, Essential, Desirable (VED), Just-in-Time (JIT) - Stock taking and perpetual inventory system, use of control ratios, d) Inventory Accounting (ii) Employee Cost a) Attendance and Payroll procedures- - Elements of wages- Basic pay, Dearness Allowance, Overtime, Bonus, Holiday and leave wages, Allowances and perquisites. b) Employee Cost Control c) Employee Turnover- Methods of calculating employee turnover, causes of employee turnover, effects of employee turnover. d) Utilisation of Human Resource, Direct and indirect employee Cost, charging of employee cost, Identifying employee hours with work orders or batches or capital jobs. e) Remuneration systems and incentive schemes- Premium Bonus Method (Halsey Plan and Rowan Plan) (iii) Overheads a) Functional analysis- Factory, Administration, Selling, Distribution, Research and Development. b) Behavioral analysis- Fixed, Variable and Semi- Variable. c) Allocation and Apportionment of overheads using Absorption Costing Method. d) Factory Overheads- Primary and secondary distribution, e) Administration Overheads- Method of allocation to cost centres or products, f) Selling & Distribution Overheads- Analysis and absorption of the expenses in products/ customers, impact of marketing strategies, cost effectiveness of various methods of sales promotion. g) Treatment of Research and development cost in cost accounting. (iv) Concepts of Activity Based Costing (ABC) (v) Recording and Accounting of Costs a) Non-integrated Cost Accounting system- Ledger under non-integral system b) Integrated (Cost and Financial) Accounting system- Ledgers under integral system. c) Difference between the Non- integrated and Integrated Accounting system. d) Reconciliation of profit as per Cost and Financial Accounts (under NonIntegrated Accounting System). | ||||||
3. Methods of Costing | (i) Single Output/ Unit Costing (ii) Job Costing: Job cost cards and databases, collecting direct costs of each job, attributing overheads to jobs, Application of job costing. (iii) Batch Costing: Determination of optimum batch quantity, Ascertainment of cost for a batch, Preparation of batch cost sheet, and Treatment of spoiled and defective work. (iv) Contract Costing a) Ascertainment of cost of a contract, Progress payment, Retention money, Escalation clause, Cost-plus contract, Value of work certified, Cost of Work not certified. b) Determination Value of work certified, Cost of work not certified, Notional or Estimated profit from a contact. (v) Process/ Operation Costing a) Process cost recording, Process loss, Abnormal gains and losses, Equivalent units of production, Inter-process profit, Valuation of work in process. b) Joint Products- Apportionment of joint costs, Methods of apportioning joint cost over joint products, c) By-Products- Methods of apportioning joint costs over by-products, treatment of By-product cost. (vi) Costing of Service Sectors a) Determination of Costs and Prices of services | ||||||
4. Cost Control and Analysis |
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SECTION A: INCOME TAX LAW (60 MARKS) | |
Objective: To develop an understanding of the provisions of income-tax law and goods and services tax law and to acquire the ability to apply such knowledge to make computations and address application-oriented issues. | |
1. Basic Concepts | (i) Income-tax law: An introduction (ii) Important definitions in the Income-tax Act, 1961 (iii) Concept of the previous year and assessment year (iv) Basis of Charge and Rates of Tax |
2. Residential status and scope of total income | (i) Residential status (ii) Scope of total income |
3. Incomes which do not form part of total income (other than charitable trusts and institutions, political parties and electoral trusts) | (i) Incomes not included in total income (ii) Tax holiday for newly established units in Special Economic Zones |
4. Heads of income and the provisions governing computation of income under different heads | (i) Salaries (ii) Income from house property (iii) Profits and gains of business or profession (iv) Capital gains (v) Income from other sources |
5. Income of other persons included in assessee's total income | (i) Clubbing of income: An introduction (ii) Transfer of income without transfer of assets (iii) Income arising from revocable transfer of assets (iv) Clubbing of income of income arising to spouse, minor child and son’s wife in certain cases (v) Conversion of self-acquired property into property of HUF |
6. Aggregation of income; Set-off, or carry forward and set-off of losses | (i) Aggregation of income (ii) Concept of set-off and carry forward and set-off of losses (iii) Provisions governing set-off and carry forward and set-off of losses under different heads of income (iv) Order of set-off of losses |
7. Deductions from gross total income | (i) General provisions (ii) Deductions in respect of certain payments (iii) Specific deductions in respect of certain income (iv) Deductions in respect of other income (v) Other deductions |
8. Computation of total income and tax liability of individuals | (i) Income to be considered while computing total income of individuals (ii) Procedure for computation of total income and tax liability of individuals |
9. Advance tax, tax deduction at source and introduction to tax collection at source | (i) Introduction (ii) Direct Payment (iii) Provisions concerning deduction of tax at source (iv) Advance payment of tax (v) Interest for defaults in payment of advance tax and deferment of advance tax (vi) Tax collection at source – Basic concept (vii) Tax deduction and collection account number |
10. Provisions for filing return of income and self-assessment | (i) Return of Income (ii) Compulsory filing of return of income (iii) Fee and Interest for default in furnishing return of income (iv) Return of loss (v) Provisions relating to belated return, revised return etc. (vi) Permanent account number (vii) Persons authorized to verify return of income (viii) Self-assessment |
SECTION B – INDIRECT TAXES (40 MARKS) | |
1. Concept of indirect taxes | (i) Concept and features of indirect taxes (ii) Principal indirect taxes |
2. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Laws | (i) GST Laws: An introduction including Constitutional aspects (ii) Levy and collection of CGST and IGST
(iii) Basic concepts of time and value of supply (iv) Input tax credit (v) Computation of GST liability (vi) Registration (vii) Tax invoice; Credit and Debit Notes; Electronic way bill (viii) Returns (ix) Payment of tax |
Group II
There are four paper in Group II also. Candidates have to qualify both groups to pass the CA Intermediate examination.
Objectives: 1. To acquire the ability to apply specific Accounting Standards and legislations to different transactions and events and in preparation and presentation of financial statements of business entities; 2. To understand and apply financial reporting and regulatory requirements of Banking Companies and NBFCs | |
1. Application of Accounting Standards: | AS 4 : Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date AS 5 : Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies AS 7 : Construction Contracts AS 9 : Revenue Recognition AS 14 : Accounting for Amalgamations AS 17 : Segment Reporting AS 18 : Related Party Disclosures AS 19 : Leases AS 20 : Earnings Per Share AS 22: Accounting for Taxes on Income AS 24 : Discontinuing Operations AS 26 : Intangible Assets AS 29 : Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. |
2. Special Aspects of Company Accounts | (i) Accounting for employee stock option plan; (ii) Buy back of securities; (iii) Equity shares with differential rights |
3. Reorganization and liquidation of Companies | (i) Accounting for amalgamation (excluding inter-company holding) and reconstruction; (ii) Accounting involved in liquidation of companies |
4. Banking Companies and Non-Banking Financial Companies and regulatory requirements thereof. | |
5. Consolidated Financial Statements | Concept of consolidation and simple problems on Consolidated Financial Statements with single subsidiary (excluding problems involving acquisition of Interest in Subsidiary at Different Dates; Different Reporting Dates of Holding and Subsidiary; Disposal of a Subsidiary and Foreign Subsidiaries) |
6. Dissolution of partnership firms including piecemeal distribution of assets; Amalgamation of partnership firms; Conversion of partnership firm into a company and Sale to a company; Issues related to accounting in Limited Liability Partnership. |
Objective: To develop an understanding of the concepts in auditing and of the generally accepted auditing procedures, techniques and skills and acquire the ability to apply the same in audit and attestation engagements. | |
1. Nature, Objective and Scope ofAudit | Auditing Concepts: Nature, objective and scope of Audit; Relationship of auditing with other disciplines; Standard Setting Process: Overview, Standard-setting process, Role of International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) & Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AASB); Standards on Auditing, Guidance Note(s) issued by the ICAI; Engagement Standards: Qualities of Auditor, Elements of System of Quality Control (SQC 1 Quality Control for Firms that Perform Audits and Reviews of Historical Financial Information, and Other Assurance and Related Services Engagements); Ethical requirements relating to an audit of financial statements; Inherent Limitations of an audit (SA 200 Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Standards on Auditing); Preconditions for an audit; Audit Engagement; Agreement on Audit Engagement Terms; Terms of Engagement in Recurring Audits (SA 210 Agreeing the Terms of Audit Engagements); Leadership Responsibilities for Quality on Audits; Concept of Auditor’s Independence; Threats to Independence; Acceptance and Continuance of Client Relationships and Audit Engagements (SA 220 Quality Control for an Audit of Financial Statements) |
2. Audit Strategy, Audit Planning and Audit Programme: | Audit Strategy; Audit planning (SA 300 Planning an Audit of Financial statements); Audit programme; Development of Audit Plan and Programme, Control of quality of audit work - Delegation and supervision of audit work; Materiality and Audit Plan; Revision of Materiality; Documenting the Materiality; Performance Materiality (SA 320 Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit). |
3. Audit Documentation and Audit Evidence: | Concept of Audit Documentation; Nature & Purpose of Audit Documentation; Form, Content & Extent of Audit Documentation; Completion Memorandum; Ownership and custody of Audit Documentation (SA 230 Audit Documentation); Audit procedures for obtaining audit evidence; Sources of evidence; Relevance and Reliability of audit evidence; Sufficient appropriate audit evidence, Evaluation of Audit Evidence (SA 500 Audit Evidence); Written Representations as Audit Evidence; Objective of Auditor regarding Written Representation; Management from whom Written Representations may be requested; Written Representations about Management’s Responsibilities (SA 580 Written Representations); Obtaining evidence of existence of inventory; Audit procedure to identify litigation & claims (SA 501 Audit Evidence - Specific Considerations for Selected Items); External confirmation procedures; Management’s refusal to allow the auditor to send a confirmation request; Negative Confirmations (SA 505 External Confirmations); Audit evidence about opening balances; Accounting policies relating to opening balances; Reporting with regard to opening balances (SA 510 Initial Audit Engagements-Opening Balances); Meaning of Related Party; Nature of Related Party Relationships & Transactions; Understanding the Entity’s Related Party Relationships & Transactions (SA 550 Related Parties); Meaning of Subsequent Events; Auditor’s obligations in different situations of subsequent events (SA 560 Subsequent Events); Responsibilities of the Auditor with regard to Going Concern Assumption; Objectives of the Auditor regarding Going Concern; Events or Conditions that may cast doubt about Going Concern Assumption; Audit Procedures when events or conditions are identified (SA 570 Going Concern). |
4. Risk Assessment and Internal Control | Audit Risk, Identifying and Assessing the Risk of Material Misstatement, Risk Assessment procedures; Understanding the entity and its environment; Internal control, Documenting the Risks; Evaluation of internal control system; Testing of Internal control; Internal Control and IT Environment (SA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement Through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment); Materiality and audit risk (SA 320 Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit); Internal audit, Basics of Standards on Internal Audit (SIAs) issued by the ICAI; Basics of Internal Financial Control and reporting requirements; Distinction between Internal Financial Control and Internal Control over Financial Reporting. |
5. Fraud and Responsibilities of the Auditor in this Regard | Responsibility for the Prevention and Detection of Fraud; Fraud Risk Factors; Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud; Communication of Fraud (SA 240 The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements); Provisions of the Companies Act 2013 relating to fraud and rules thereunder including reporting requirements under CARO |
6. Audit in an Automated Environment | Key features, Impact of IT related Risks, Impact on Controls, Internal Financial Controls as per Regulatory requirements, Types of Controls, Audit approach, Understanding and documenting Automated environment, Testing methods, data analytics for audit, assessing and reporting audit findings |
7. Audit Sampling | Meaning of Audit Sampling; Designing an audit sample; Types of sampling; Sample Size and selection of items for testing; Sample selection method (SA 530 Audit Sampling) |
8. Analytical Procedures | Meaning, nature, purpose and timing of analytical procedures; Substantive analytical procedures, Designing and performing analytical procedures prior to Audit; investigating the results of analytical procedures (SA 520 Analytical Procedures) |
9. Audit of Items of Financial Statements |
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10. The Company Audit | Eligibility, Qualifications and Disqualifications of Auditors; Appointment of auditors; Removal of auditors; Remuneration of Auditors; Powers and duties of auditors; Branch audit; Joint audit; Reporting requirements under the Companies Act, 2013 including CARO; Other Important Provisions under the Companies Act, 2013 relating to Audit and Auditors and Rules made thereunder |
11. Audit Report | Forming an opinion on the Financial Statements; Auditor’s Report- basic elements (SA 700 Forming an Opinion and Reporting on Financial Statements); Types of Modified Opinion; Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required, Qualified, Adverse, Disclaimer of Opinion (SA 705 Modification to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor’s Report); Qualification, Disclaimer, Adverse opinion, SA 706 Emphasis of Matter Paragraphs and Other Matter Paragraphs in the Independent Auditor’s Report; Nature of Comparative Information; Corresponding Figure; Comparative Financial Statements (SA 710 Comparative Information- Corresponding Figures and Comparative Financial Statements) |
12. Audit of Banks | Understanding of accounting system in Banks, Audit Approach, Audit of Revenue items, Special Consideration in Bank Audit with emphasis on Advances and NPAs. |
13. Audit of Different Types of Entities | Appointment of Auditor, Audit Procedure and Audit Report in respect of different Category of Entities: Government; Local bodies and Not-for-profit organizations; Partnership Firms, Audit of different type of undertakings, i.e., Educational institutions, Hotels, Clubs, Hospitals Basics of Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) audit and Co-operative Societies Audit |
SECTION A : ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS (50 MARKS) | |
Objective: To develop an understanding of technology enabled Information Systems and their impact on enterprise-wide processes, risks and controls | |
1. Automated Business Processes | (i) Introduction to Enterprise Business Processes, Benefits, Risks and Controls; (ii) Diagrammatic representation of business processes using Flowcharts; (iii) Risks and controls for specific business processes: Procure to Pay (P2P), Order to cash, Inventory Cycle, Hire to Retire, Supply Chain Management, Fixed Assets etc. (iv) Applicable regulatory and compliance requirements including computer-related offences, privacy, cyber-crime, Sensitive Personal Data Information of Information Technology Act, 2000 |
2. Financial and Accounting Systems | (i) Integrated (ERP) and non-integrated systems with related risks and controls; (ii) Business process modules and their integration with Financial and Accounting systems. (iii) Reporting Systems and MIS, Data Analytics and Business Intelligence (iv) Business Reporting and fundamentals of XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language). (v) Applicable regulatory and compliance requirements |
3. Information Systems and Its Components | (i) Components of Automated Information Systems: Application Systems, Database, Network and Operating System with related risks and controls. (ii) Mapping of Organization structure with segregation of duties in Information Systems. |
4. E-commerce, M-commerce and Emerging Technologies | (i) Components and Architecture of E-Commerce and M-Commerce with related risks and controls (ii) Business process flow with its related risks and controls (iii) Applicable regulatory and compliance requirements (iv) Emerging technologies with its related risks and controls |
5. Core Banking Systems | (i) Components and Architecture of CBS and related risks and controls (ii) Core modules of banking and Business process flow and its related risks and controls (iii) Reporting Systems and MIS, Data Analytics and Business Intelligence (iv) Applicable regulatory and compliance requirements |
SECTION B : STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (50 MARKS) | |
Objectives To develop an understanding of strategic management concepts and techniques and acquire the ability to apply the same in business situations. | |
1. Introduction to Strategic Management | • Business Policy • Meaning and Nature of Strategic management • Business Strategy • Strategic Levels in Organizations • Strategic Management in Government and Not-for-profit organization |
2. Dynamics of Competitive Strategy | • Competitive Landscape • Strategic Analysis • Industry and Competitive Analysis • Core Competence • Competitive Advantage • Internal and External Analysis • SWOT Analysis • Globalization |
3. Strategic Management Process | • Strategic Planning • Strategic Intent - Vision, Mission and Objectives • Strategy Formulation |
4. Corporate Level Strategies | • Concepts and Nature of Corporate Strategy • Strategic Alternatives at Corporate Level ➢ Stability ➢ Growth/Expansion ➢ Business Combinations- Merger and Acquisition ➢ Strategic Alliances ➢ Retrenchment/Turnaround ➢ Combination |
5. Business Level Strategies | • Competitive Strategies at Business Level • Michael Porter’s Generic Strategies • Best-Cost Provider Strategy |
6. Functional Level Strategies | • Marketing Strategy and Financial Strategy • Operations Strategy • Human Resource Strategy • Research and Development |
7. Organisation and Strategic Leadership | • Organisation Structure • Strategic Business Unit • Strategic Leadership • Strategy Supportive Culture • Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship |
8. Strategy Implementation and Control | • Strategy Implementation • Strategic Change • Strategic Control • Strategy Audit • Business Process Reengineering • Benchmarking |
Paper-8 Financial Management & Economics for Finance (100 marks)
SECTION A: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (60 MARKS) | |
Objective: To develop an understanding of various aspects of Financial Management and acquire the ability to apply such knowledge in decision-making. | |
1. Financial Management and Financial Analysis | (i) Introduction to Financial Management Function
(ii) Financial Analysis through Ratios
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2. Financing Decisions | (i) Sources of Finance a) Different Sources of Finance, Characteristics of different types of long term debt and equity finance, Method of raising long term finance b) Different Sources of short term Finance c) Internal fund as a source of finance d) International sources of finance e) Other sources of finance- Lease Financing, Sale and lease back, Convertible debt, Venture capital, Grants etc. (ii) Cost of Capital a) Significance of cost of capital b) Factors of cost of capital c) Measurement of costs of individual components of capital d) Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) e) Marginal cost of capital f) Effective Interest rate (iii) Capital Structure Decisions a) Significance of capital structure b) Determinants of capital structure c) Capital structure planning and designing d) Designing of optimum capital structure e) Theories of Capital Structure and value of the firm- relevancy and Irrelevancy of capital structure. f) EBIT- EPS Analysis, Breakeven- EBIT Analysis. g) Under/ Over Capitalisation (iv) Leverages a) Types of Leverages- Operating, Financial and Combined b) Analysis of leverages |
3. Capital Investment and Dividend Decisions | (i) Capital Investment Decisions a) Objective of capital investment decisions b) Methods of Investment appraisal: - Payback period, Discounted payback period - Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), - Net Present Value (NPV) - The meaning of NPV, Strengths and limitations of NPV method, The working capital adjustment in an NPV analysis, Capital rationing, Equivalent Annual Costs, - Internal Rate of return (IRR)- Limitations of the IRR method, Multiple IRRs, - Modified internal Rate of Return (MIRR)- Definition and explanation of MIRR, The process for calculating MIRR, Strengths of the MIRR approach. - Profitability Index (ii) Adjustment of Risk and Uncertainty in Capital Budgeting Decision a) Probability Analysis b) Certainty Equivalent Method c) Risk Adjusted Discount Rate d) Scenario Analysis e) Sensitivity Analysis (iii) Dividend Decisions a) Basics of Dividends b) Forms of dividend c) Determinants of dividend d) Relevancy and Irrelevancy of Dividend Policies- Traditional Approach, Walter’s model, Gordon’s model, Modigliani and Miller (MM) Hypothesis. |
4. Management of Working Capital | (i) Management of Working Capital a) The management of working capital- Liquidity and Profitability b) The Working capital financing decisions- Primary and Secondary Sources of Liquidity c) The working Capital Cycle (operating Cycle), Effectiveness of Working Capital based on its operating and cash conversion cycles d) Assessment of working capital requirement e) Management of Accounts Receivables (Debtors) f) Factoring and Forfaiting g) Management of Accounts Payables (Creditors) h) Management of Inventory i) Management of Cash, Treasury management j) Banking norms of working capital finance |
SECTION B : ECONOMICS FOR FINANCE (MARKS: 40) | |
Objective: To develop an understanding of the concepts and theories of Economics in the context of Finance and acquire the ability to address application oriented issues. | |
1. Determination of National Income | (i) Macro Economic Aggregates and Measurement of National Income (ii) The Keynesian Theory of Determination of National Income |
2. The Money Market | (i) The Concept of Money Demand: Important Theories of Demand for Money (ii) The Concept of Money Supply (iii) Monetary Policy |
3. Public Finance | (i) Fiscal functions: An Overview. (ii) Market Failure (iii) Government Interventions to Correct Market Failure (iv) Fiscal Policy |
4. International Trade | (i) Theories of International Trade (ii) Trade Policy – The Instruments of Trade Policy (iii) Trade Negotiations (iv) Exchange Rates and its economic effects (v) International Capital Movements: Foreign Direct Investment |
Details like mode of exam, type of questions asked in each of the above-mentioned papers, time duration, marking scheme etc. are provided official under CA Intermediate exam pattern 2023. It is vital for candidates to have a better understanding of the paper pattern while commencing their preparations for the CA Intermediate exam 2023.
There are a total of 8 papers included in CA Intermediate exam. These papers are equally divided into two groups.
Candidates can find complete information related to the topics and subtopics covered in the CA Intermediate exam.
Any changes in the CA Intermediate syllabus will be notified by ICAI in advance.
No, for November 2023 session, the existing scheme of education is applicable.
Hello,
CMA or Cost and Management Accounting is a certificate course providing CMA designation to the qualifiers. CMA has both descriptive and objective questions. CMA foundation is a mixture of questions. It is a three hour long exam conducted by ICMAI and it is a paper based on mainly class 12th concepts.
CMA examination has a mixture of objective and descriptive questions.
I hope this helps,
All the best
Hello Aspirant,
Hope you are doing great. Â A common course that covers accounting, taxation, financial analysis, and financial economics is called chartered accountancy, or CA. The three-level CA course offered in India is in high demand both domestically and internationally. Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, and Ahmedabad are a few of the most well-known Indian cities for studying accounting. Students frequently see each other studying B.Com and CA at the same time. Students from Nepal are also seen travelling to India to enroll in a CA programme in addition to students from India.
In India, CA programmes are typically offered by private and semi-government institutions. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) considers the students certified and qualified Chartered Accountants after they complete this course (CAs).
Top CA Colleges in India:
ALL THE BEST
Hi,
Following students can register for the CA Intermediate exam-
Candidates who have passed the CA Foundation exam can register for any of the CA Intermediate exam group(s).
Any candidate who has passed erstwhile the Foundation exam or Professional education (examination-I) or Common Proficiency Test (CPT) is also eligible to enrol for the CA Intermediate exam.
Candidates who are graduates/ postgraduates in commerce and have minimum of 55% marks in aggregate are also eligible to apply for the CA Intermediate course.
Candidates who are graduates/ postgraduates in any other stream (except commerce) and have minimum of 60% marks in aggregate are also eligible to register.
Candidates who are in their final year of graduation course are also eligible to register for the CA Intermediate course on provisional basis. Such candidates have to submit the proof of passing within six months from the date of appearance in final year exams.
Hope it helps.
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Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.
How fascinating it is to represent the whole world on just a piece of paper or a sphere. With the help of maps, we are able to represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Individuals who opt for a career as a cartographer are those who make maps. But, cartography is not just limited to maps, it is about a mixture of art, science, and technology. As a cartographer, not only you will create maps but use various geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems to measure, analyse, and create different maps for political, cultural or educational purposes.
Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.
GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.
A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.
If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy, IIT Kharagpur, JMI New Delhi.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
A career as Bank Probationary Officer (PO) is seen as a promising career opportunity and a white-collar career. Each year aspirants take the Bank PO exam. This career provides plenty of career development and opportunities for a successful banking future. If you have more questions about a career as Bank Probationary Officer (PO), what is probationary officer or how to become a Bank Probationary Officer (PO) then you can read the article and clear all your doubts.
Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.
The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.
Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.
A career as a Finance Executive requires one to be responsible for monitoring an organisation's income, investments and expenses to create and evaluate financial reports. His or her role involves performing audits, invoices, and budget preparations. He or she manages accounting activities, bank reconciliations, and payable and receivable accounts.
An Investment Banking career involves the invention and generation of capital for other organizations, governments, and other entities. Individuals who opt for a career as Investment Bankers are the head of a team dedicated to raising capital by issuing bonds. Investment bankers are termed as the experts who have their fingers on the pulse of the current financial and investing climate. Students can pursue various Investment Banker courses, such as Banking and Insurance, and Economics to opt for an Investment Banking career path.
Bank Branch Managers work in a specific section of banking related to the invention and generation of capital for other organisations, governments, and other entities. Bank Branch Managers work for the organisations and underwrite new debts and equity securities for all type of companies, aid in the sale of securities, as well as help to facilitate mergers and acquisitions, reorganisations, and broker trades for both institutions and private investors.
Treasury analyst career path is often regarded as certified treasury specialist in some business situations, is a finance expert who specifically manages a company or organisation's long-term and short-term financial targets. Treasurer synonym could be a financial officer, which is one of the reputed positions in the corporate world. In a large company, the corporate treasury jobs hold power over the financial decision-making of the total investment and development strategy of the organisation.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.
Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.
Carpenters are typically construction workers. They stay involved in performing many types of construction activities. It includes cutting, fitting and assembling wood. Carpenters may help in building constructions, bridges, big ships and boats. Here, in the article, we will discuss carpenter career path, carpenter salary, how to become a carpenter, carpenter job outlook.
An individual who opts for a career as a welder is a professional tradesman who is skilled in creating a fusion between two metal pieces to join it together with the use of a manual or fully automatic welding machine in their welder career path. It is joined by intense heat and gas released between the metal pieces through the welding machine to permanently fix it.
Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.
A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.
Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.
A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.
A veterinary doctor is a medical professional with a degree in veterinary science. The veterinary science qualification is the minimum requirement to become a veterinary doctor. There are numerous veterinary science courses offered by various institutes. He or she is employed at zoos to ensure they are provided with good health facilities and medical care to improve their life expectancy.
Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.
An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.
When it comes to an operation theatre, there are several tasks that are to be carried out before as well as after the operation or surgery has taken place. Such tasks are not possible without surgical tech and surgical tech tools. A single surgeon cannot do it all alone. It’s like for a footballer he needs his team’s support to score a goal the same goes for a surgeon. It is here, when a surgical technologist comes into the picture. It is the job of a surgical technologist to prepare the operation theatre with all the required equipment before the surgery. Not only that, once an operation is done it is the job of the surgical technologist to clean all the equipment. One has to fulfil the minimum requirements of surgical tech qualifications.
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A career as Critical Care Specialist is responsible for providing the best possible prompt medical care to patients. He or she writes progress notes of patients in records. A Critical Care Specialist also liaises with admitting consultants and proceeds with the follow-up treatments.
Individuals in the ophthalmologist career in India are trained medically to care for all eye problems and conditions. Some optometric physicians further specialize in a particular area of the eye and are known as sub-specialists who are responsible for taking care of each and every aspect of a patient's eye problem. An ophthalmologist's job description includes performing a variety of tasks such as diagnosing the problem, prescribing medicines, performing eye surgery, recommending eyeglasses, or looking after post-surgery treatment.
For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.
Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.
Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages. Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.
The career as a Talent Agent is filled with responsibilities. A Talent Agent is someone who is involved in the pre-production process of the film. It is a very busy job for a Talent Agent but as and when an individual gains experience and progresses in the career he or she can have people assisting him or her in work. Depending on one’s responsibilities, number of clients and experience he or she may also have to lead a team and work with juniors under him or her in a talent agency. In order to know more about the job of a talent agent continue reading the article.
If you want to know more about talent agent meaning, how to become a Talent Agent, or Talent Agent job description then continue reading this article.
Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.
A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.
A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.
The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.
Individuals who opt for a career as a talent director are professionals who work in the entertainment industry. He or she is responsible for finding out the right talent through auditions for films, theatre productions, or shows. A talented director possesses strong knowledge of computer software used in filmmaking, CGI and animation. A talent acquisition director keeps himself or herself updated on various technical aspects such as lighting, camera angles and shots.
In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.
For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.
In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. Ever since internet cost got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, the career as vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the career as vlogger, how to become a vlogger, so on and so forth then continue reading the article. Students can visit Jamia Millia Islamia, Asian College of Journalism, Indian Institute of Mass Communication to pursue journalism degrees.
The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.
Careers in videography are art that can be defined as a creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of an original work of art rather than a simple recording of a simple event. It would be wrong to portrait it as a subcategory of photography, rather photography is one of the crafts used in videographer jobs in addition to technical skills like organization, management, interpretation, and image-manipulation techniques. Students pursue Visual Media, Film, Television, Digital Video Production to opt for a videographer career path. The visual impacts of a film are driven by the creative decisions taken in videography jobs. Individuals who opt for a career as a videographer are involved in the entire lifecycle of a film and production.
An SEO Analyst is a web professional who is proficient in the implementation of SEO strategies to target more keywords to improve the reach of the content on search engines. He or she provides support to acquire the goals and success of the client’s campaigns.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
Production Manager Job Description: A Production Manager is responsible for ensuring smooth running of manufacturing processes in an efficient manner. He or she plans and organises production schedules. The role of Production Manager involves estimation, negotiation on budget and timescales with the clients and managers.
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A Team Leader is a professional responsible for guiding, monitoring and leading the entire group. He or she is responsible for motivating team members by providing a pleasant work environment to them and inspiring positive communication. A Team Leader contributes to the achievement of the organisation’s goals. He or she improves the confidence, product knowledge and communication skills of the team members and empowers them.
A Quality Systems Manager is a professional responsible for developing strategies, processes, policies, standards and systems concerning the company as well as operations of its supply chain. It includes auditing to ensure compliance. It could also be carried out by a third party.
A career as a merchandiser requires one to promote specific products and services of one or different brands, to increase the in-house sales of the store. Merchandising job focuses on enticing the customers to enter the store and hence increasing their chances of buying a product. Although the buyer is the one who selects the lines, it all depends on the merchandiser on how much money a buyer will spend, how many lines will be purchased, and what will be the quantity of those lines. In a career as merchandiser, one is required to closely work with the display staff in order to decide in what way a product would be displayed so that sales can be maximised. In small brands or local retail stores, a merchandiser is responsible for both merchandising and buying.
The procurement Manager is also known as Purchasing Manager. The role of the Procurement Manager is to source products and services for a company. A Procurement Manager is involved in developing a purchasing strategy, including the company's budget and the supplies as well as the vendors who can provide goods and services to the company. His or her ultimate goal is to bring the right products or services at the right time with cost-effectiveness.
Individuals who opt for a career as a production planner are professionals who are responsible for ensuring goods manufactured by the employing company are cost-effective and meets quality specifications including ensuring the availability of ready to distribute stock in a timely fashion manner.
ITSM Manager is a professional responsible for heading the ITSM (Information Technology Service Management) or (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) processes. He or she ensures that operation management provides appropriate resource levels for problem resolutions. The ITSM Manager oversees the level of prioritisation for the problems, critical incidents, planned as well as proactive tasks.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
An IT Consultant is a professional who is also known as a technology consultant. He or she is required to provide consultation to industrial and commercial clients to resolve business and IT problems and acquire optimum growth. An IT consultant can find work by signing up with an IT consultancy firm, or he or she can work on their own as independent contractors and select the projects he or she wants to work on.
A Data Architect role involves formulating the organisational data strategy. It involves data quality, flow of data within the organisation and security of data. The vision of Data Architect provides support to convert business requirements into technical requirements.
The Security Engineer is responsible for overseeing and controlling the various aspects of a company's computer security. Individuals in the security engineer jobs include developing and implementing policies and procedures to protect the data and information of the organisation. In this article, we will discuss the security engineer job description, security engineer skills, security engineer course, and security engineer career path.
A UX Architect is someone who influences the design processes and its outcomes. He or she possesses a solid understanding of user research, information architecture, interaction design and content strategy.
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