CA Inter Syllabus 2025: ICAI New Scheme Syllabus, Subjects and Detailed Topics

1

Advanced Accounting

100 Marks

2

Corporate And Other Laws

Part I: Company Law And Limited Liability Partnership Law

Part Ii: Other Laws

100 Marks

Part I: 70 Marks

Part II: 30 Marks

3

Taxation

Section A: Income Tax Law

Section B: Goods and Services Tax

100 Marks

Section A: 50 Marks

Section B: 50 Marks

4

Cost and Management Accounting

100 Marks

5

Auditing and Ethics

100 Marks

6

Financial Management And

Strategic Management

Section A: Financial Management

Section B: Strategic Management

100 Marks

50 Marks

50 Marks

Objective: To acquire the ability to apply specific accounting standards and legislations to different transactions and events and in preparation and presentation of financial statements of various business entities

Process of formulation of Accounting Standards including Indian Accounting Standards (IFRS converged standards) and IFRSs; Convergence vs Adoption; Objective and Concepts of carve outs

Framework for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (as per Accounting Standards).

Application of Accounting Standards:

• AS1 Disclosure of Accounting Policies

• AS2 Valuation of Inventories

• AS3 Cash Flow Statements

• AS4 Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date

• AS5 Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies

• AS6 Construction Contracts

• AS7 Revenue Recognition

• AS8 Property, Plant and Equipment

• AS9 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

• AS10 Accounting for Government Grants

• AS11 Accounting for Investments

• AS12 Accounting for Amalgamations (excluding inter-company holdings)

• AS13 Employee Benefits

• AS14 Borrowing Costs

• AS15 Segment Reporting

• AS16 Related Party Disclosures

• AS17 Leases Earnings Per Share

• AS18 Consolidated Financial Statements of single subsidiaries (excluding problems involving acquisition of Interest in Subsidiary at Different Dates, Cross holding, Disposal of a Subsidiary and Foreign Subsidiaries)

• AS19 Accounting for Taxes on Income

• AS20 Accounting for Investment in Associates in Consolidated Financial Statements

• AS21 Discontinuing Operations

• AS22 Interim Financial Reporting

• AS23 Intangible Assets

• AS24 Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures

• AS25 Impairment of Assets

• AS26 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

Company Accounts

• Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 (Division I)

• Preparation of financial statements – Statement of Profit and Loss, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement

• Buy back of securities

• Accounting for reconstruction of companies

Accounting for Branches including foreign branches.

Objective: To develop an understanding of the legal provisions and acquire the ability to analyse and apply the laws in practical situations

Part 1: COMPANY LAW AND LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP LAW

The Companies Act 2013

Preliminary Incorporation of Company and Matters Incidental thereto, Prospectus and Allotment of Securities, Share Capital and Debentures, Acceptance of Deposits by Companies, Registration of Charges, Management and Administration, Declaration and Payment of Dividend, Accounts of Companies, Audit and Auditors, Companies Incorporated Outside India

The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 including important Rules

PART II- OTHER LAWS

Objective:

• To develop an understanding of the General Clauses Act.

• To develop an understanding of the rules for interpretation of statutes.

• To have basic understanding of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999

The General Clauses Act, 1897

Important Definitions, Extent and Applicability, General Rules of Construction, Powers and Functionaries, Provisions as to Orders, Rules, etc. made under Enactments and

Miscellaneous provisions

Interpretation of Statutes

Rules of Interpretation of Statutes, Aids to Interpretation, Rules of Interpretation/Construction of Deeds and Documents

The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999

Significant definitions and concepts of Current and

Capital Account Transactions

Section A: Income Tax Laws

Objective:

• To develop an understanding of the provisions of income-tax law.

• To acquire the ability to apply such provisions to solve problems and address application oriented issues

Basic Concepts

• Income-tax law: An introduction

• Significant concepts in income-tax law, including person, assessee, previous year, assessment year, income, agricultural income

• Basis of Charge

• Procedure for computation of total income and tax payable in case of individuals

Residential status and scope of total income

• Residential status

• Scope of total income

Heads of income and the provisions governing computation of income under different heads

• Salaries

• Income from house property

• Profits and gains of business or profession

• Capital gains

• Income from other sources

Provisions relating to clubbing of income, set-off or carry forward and set-off of losses, deductions from gross total income

Advance Tax, Tax deduction at source and tax collection at source

Provisions for filing return of income and self-assessment

Computation of total income and income-tax payable by an individual under the alternative tax regimes under the Income-tax Act, 1961 to optimise tax liability

Section B: Goods And Services Tax (GST)

Objective:

• To develop an understanding of the provisions of goods and services tax law.

• To acquire the ability to apply such provisions to address/ solve issues in moderately complex scenarios.

GST Laws: An introduction including Constitutional aspects

Levy and collection of CGST and IGST

• Application of CGST/IGST law

• Concept of supply including composite and mixed supplies

• Charge of tax including reverse charge

• Exemption from tax Composition levy

Basic Concepts

• Classification

• Place of supply

• Time of supply

• Value of supply

• Input tax credit

Computation of GST liability

Registration

Tax invoice; Credit and Debit Notes; Electronic way bill

Accounts and Records

Returns

Payment of tax

Objective:

• To develop an understanding of the basic concepts and applications to establish the cost associated with the production of products and provision of services and apply the same to determine prices.

• To develop an understanding of cost accounting statements.

• To acquire the ability to apply information for cost ascertainment, planning, control and decision making. To apply costing methods to determine the costs for different purposes.

• To apply appropriate techniques to support short term decisions.

Overview of Cost and Management Accounting:

Introduction to Cost and Management Accounting

• Objectives and Scope of Cost and Management Accounting.

• The users of Cost and Management accounting information, Functions of management

• Accounting.

• Role of cost accounting department in an organisation and its relation with other

• departments.

• Installation of Costing System.

• Relationship of Cost Accounting, Financial Accounting, Management Accounting and

• Financial Management.

• Cost terms and Concepts.

• Cost Reduction and Cost Control

• Elements of Costs.

• Cost behaviour pattern, Separating the components of fixed, variable, semi-variable and step costs.

• Methods of Costing, Techniques of Costing.

• Digital Costing

Elements of Cost and preparation of Cost Sheets

• Functional classification and ascertainment of cost.

• Preparation of Cost Sheets for Manufacturing sector and for Service sector.

Ascertainment of Cost and Cost Accounting System

Material Cost

1. Introduction to procurement procedures. Valuation of receipts, issue and closing stock of Material, Stock verification.

2. Material requirement analysis through digital costing including Government e-Marketplace (GeM). Introduction to Costing through Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Process of tender and quotation.

3. Inventory control:

• Techniques of fixing level of stocks- minimum, maximum, reorder point, safety stock, determination of optimum stock level

• Determination of Optimum Order quantity- Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

• Techniques of Inventory control- ABC Analysis, Fast, Slow moving and Non moving (FSN), High, Medium, Low (HML), Vital, Essential, Desirable (VED), Just-in-Time (JIT)- Stock taking and perpetual inventory system, use of inventory control ratios, Digital Inventory control.

4. Treatment of Normal/Abnormal Losses w.r.t. waste, scrap, spoilage, defective, obsolescence.

Employee Cost

• Introduction to Attendance and Payroll procedures.

• Elements of wages- Basic pay, Dearness Allowance, Overtime, Bonus, Holiday and leave

• wages, Allowances and perquisites

• Employee Cost Control

• Employee Turnover- Methods of calculating employee turnover, causes of employee turnover, effects of employee turnover

• Remuneration systems and incentive schemes- Premium Bonus Method (Halsey Plan and Rowan Plan

Direct Expenses

Identification of direct expenses with the main product or service and its treatment

Overheads

• Functional analysis- Factory, Administration, Selling, Distribution, Research and Development.

• Behavioural analysis- Fixed, Variable and Semi-Variable.

• Allocation and Apportionment of overheads using Absorption Costing Method.

• Factory Overheads- Primary and secondary distribution.

• Administration Overheads- Method of allocation to cost centres or products.

• Selling & Distribution Overheads- Analysis and absorption of the expenses in products/customers, impact of marketing strategies, cost effectiveness of various methods of sales promotion.

• Treatment of Research and development cost in cost accounting

Concepts of Activity Based Costing (ABC)

Integration of Cost and Financial Data

• Recording of financial data and its segregation.

• Introduction to Non-integrated and Integrated Accounting systems.

• Items included in cost accounts only but financial accounts and vice versa.

• Reconciliation of profit as per Cost and Financial Accounts (under Non-Integrated Accounting System)

Methods of Costing

Single Output/ Unit Costing

Job Costing

Job cost cards and databases, collecting direct costs of each job, attributing overheads to jobs, Application of job costing.

Batch Costing

Determination of optimum batch quantity, Ascertainment of cost for a batch, Preparation of

batch cost sheet, Treatment of spoiled and defective work

Process/Operation Costing

Process cost recording, Process loss, Abnormal gains and losses, Equivalent units of

production, Inter-process profit, Valuation of work in process.

Joint Products-Apportionment of joint costs, Methods of apportioning joint cost over joint

Products.

By-Products-Methods of apportioning joint costs over by- products, treatment of By-Product

cost

Costing of Service Sectors

Determination of Costs and Prices of services

Cost Control and Analysis

Standard Costing

Setting up of Standards, Types of Standards, Standard Costing as method of performance

Measurement.

Calculation and Reconciliation of Material Cost, Labour cost, Variable Overhead, Fixed

Overhead.

Marginal Costing

• Basic concepts of marginal costing, Contribution margin, Break-even analysis, Break–even and profit volume charts, Contribution to sales ratio, Margin of Safety, Angle of Incidence,

• Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP).

• Determination of Cost of a product/ service under marginal costing method, determination of

• cost of finished goods, work-in-progress.

• Comparison of Marginal costing with absorption costing method- Reconciliation of profit under both the methods.

Short term decision making:

• Make or buy decision

• Discontinuation decision

• Multiproduct break-even analysis

• Limiting factor (key factor)

Budget and Budgetary Control

• Meaning of Budget, Essentials of Budget, Budget Manual, Budget setting process, Preparation of Budget and monitoring procedures.

• The use of budget in planning and control.

• Flexible budget, Preparation of Functional budget for operating and non-operating functions

• Cash budget, Master budget.

• Introduction to Principal/ Key budget factor, Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB), Performance budget, Control ratios and Budget variances.

• Budgets and motivation.

• Feedback and Feed forward controlling in budgeting

Objective:

• To develop an understanding of the concepts in auditing and of the generally accepted auditing procedures, techniques and skills and acquire the ability to apply the same in audit and attestation engagements.

• To understand and apply the concept of ethics while performing audit

Nature, Objective and Scope of Audit

Auditing Concepts:

• Origin of Auditing,

• Meaning of Audit,

• Need for Audit (Benefits of Audit), Objective of the Audit, Scope of Audit, External Audit engagements,

• Qualities of Auditor

• Inherent Limitations of an Audit; Relationship of auditing with other disciplines.

• (SA 200 Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Standards on Auditing)

Audit Strategy, Audit Planning and Audit Program:

• Auditor’s responsibility to plan an audit of financial statements. Benefits of audit planning.

• Planning is a continual and iterative process.

• Discussion of elements of planning with the entity’s management.

• Involvement of Key Engagement Team Members in planning the audit. Preliminary engagement activities.

• The auditor’s consideration of client continuance and ethical requirements. Planning activities.

• Establishing an overall audit strategy- Assistance for the auditor. Development of audit plan.

• Documenting the overall audit strategy and audit plan; Audit program.

• Development of Audit Plan and Program

Risk Assessment and Internal Control:

Audit Risk.

• Risk of Material Misstatement, Inherent Risk and Control Risk, Detection Risk.

• Sampling and Non-Sampling Risk.

• Concept of Materiality, Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit.

• Auditor’s responsibility to apply the concept of materiality.

• Auditor’s determination of materiality is a matter of professional judgement. Materiality and Audit

• Risk.

• Application of materiality in planning and performing the audit. Concept of Performance materiality.

• Determining materiality and performance materiality when planning the audit.

• Use of Benchmarks in determining materiality for the financial statements as a whole. Materiality level or levels for particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures.

• Revision in materiality as the audit progresses. Documenting the Materiality.

(SA 320 Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit).

• Identifying and Assessing the Risk of Material Misstatement, Risk Assessment procedures.

• Understanding the entity and its environment; Internal control.

• Documenting the Risks.

• Evaluation of internal control system.

• Testing of Internal control; Internal Control and IT Environment (SA 315 Identifying and Assessing the

• Risks of Material Misstatement Through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment).

Digital Audit

• Key features

• Impact of IT related Risks

• Impact on Controls

• Internal Financial Controls as per Regulatory requirements

• Types of Controls

• Audit approach

• Understanding and documenting Automated environment

• Testing methods, data analytics for audit, assessing and reporting audit findings.

Audit Evidence

• Meaning of Audit Evidence.

• Relevance and Reliability of audit evidence

• Sufficient appropriate audit evidence

• Meaning of Assertions

• Assertions contained in the Financial Statements. Source of audit evidence

• Test of controls

• Substantive Procedures- Test of details and Substantive analytical procedures, Audit procedures for obtaining audit evidence.

• Evaluation of Audit Evidence (SA 500 Audit Evidence), Audit Trail

(Using the work of Internal Auditors – SA 610)

• Internal audit function.

• External Auditor’s Responsibility for the audit, Evaluating the internal audit function.

• Basics of Internal Financial Control and reporting requirements. Distinction between Internal Financial Control and Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

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• Audit Sampling: (SA 530 Audit Sampling). Meaning of Audit Sampling.

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• Designing an audit sample; Types of sampling (Approaches to Sampling).

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• Sample Size and selection of items for testing; Sample selection method.

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• Obtaining evidence of existence of inventory; Audit procedure to identify litigation & claims

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• Obtaining evidence regarding the presentation and disclosure of segment information

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• (SA 501 Audit Evidence - Specific Considerations for Selected Items)

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• External confirmation procedures.

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• Management’s refusal to allow the auditor to send a confirmation request; Negative Confirmations (SA 505 External Confirmations); Audit evidence about opening balances; Accounting policies relating to opening balances; Reporting with regard to opening balances (SA 510 Initial Audit Engagements-Opening Balances)

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• Meaning of Related Party; Nature of Related Party Relationships & Transactions; Understanding the Entity’s Related Party Relationships & Transactions (SA 550 Related Parties)

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• Analytical Procedures.

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• Meaning, nature, purpose and timing of analytical procedures; Substantive analytical procedures.

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• Designing and performing analytical procedures prior to Audit.

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• Investigating the results of analytical procedures (SA 520 Analytical Procedures)

Audit of Items of Financial Statements

• Audit of sale of Products and Services; Audit of Interest Income, Rental Income, Dividend Income, Net gain/loss on sale of Investments etc.

• Audit of Purchases, Employee benefits expenses, Depreciation, Interest expense, Expenditure on Power & Fuel, Rent, Repair to building, Repair to Machinery, Insurance, Taxes, Travelling Expenses, Miscellaneous Expenses etc.

• Audit of Share Capital, Reserve & Surplus, Long Term Borrowings, Trade Payables, Provisions, Short Term Borrowings & Other Current Liabilities.

• Audit of Land, Buildings, Plant & Equipment, Furniture & Fixtures, Vehicles, Oce Equipment, Goodwill, Brand/Trademarks, Computer Software etc.

• Audit of Loan & Advances, Trade Receivable, Inventories, Cash & Cash Equivalent, Other Current Assets. Audit of Contingent Liabilities. (The list of items is illustrative only)

Audit Documentation

• Concept of Audit Documentation

• Nature & Purpose of Audit Documentation; Form, Content & Extent of Audit Documentation. Completion Memorandum.

• Ownership and custody of Audit Documentation (SA 230 Audit Documentation).

Completion and Review

• Meaning of Subsequent Events;

• Auditors obligations in different situations of subsequent events.

• Procedures for subsequent events. (SA 560 Subsequent Events).

• Responsibilities of the Auditor with regard to Going Concern Assumption; Objectives of the Auditor

• regarding Going Concern.

• Events or Conditions that may cast doubt about Going Concern Assumption.

• Audit Procedures when events or conditions are identified (SA 570 Going Concern). Overview and

• Introduction of Evaluations of Misstatements identified during the audit (SA 450).

• Written Representations as Audit Evidence.

• Objective of Auditor regarding Written Representation.

• Management from whom Written Representations may be requested.

Audit Report

• Forming an opinion on the Financial Statements.

• Auditor’s Report- basic elements (SA 700 Forming an Opinion and Reporting on Financial Statements).

• Communicating key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor’s Report (SA 701) Types of Modified Opinion, Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required, Qualified, Adverse Disclaimer of Opinion (SA 705 Modification to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor’s Report).

• SA 706 Emphasis of Matter Paragraphs and Other Matter Paragraphs in the Independent Auditor’s Report.

• Nature of Comparative Information.

• Corresponding Figure; Comparative Financial Statements (SA 710 Comparative Information – Corresponding Figures and Comparative Financial Statements).

• Branch audit; Joint audit; Reporting requirements under the Companies Act, 2013 including CARO

Special Features of Audit of Different Type of Entities

• Appointment of Auditor,

• Audit Procedure and Audit Report in respect of different Category of Entities

• Government; Local bodies; Not-for-profit organisations; Trust and Societies, Partnership Firms

• Audit of different types of undertakings, i.e., Educational Institutions, Hotels, Clubs, Hospitals, etc.

• Basics of Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) Audit and Co-operative Societies Audit.

Audit of Banks

• Understanding of accounting system in Banks

• Audit Approach

• Audit of Revenue items,

• Special Consideration in Bank Audit with emphasis on Advances and NPAs

Ethics and Terms of Audit Engagements

• Meaning of Ethics. -

Ethics is a State of Mind, Need for Professional Ethics.

• Principles based approach v Rules based approach (Ethical or Legal). -

• The fundamental principles of Professional Ethics: Integrity;

• Objectivity; Professional Competence and Due care; Confidentiality; Professional Behaviour.

• Independence of Auditors.

• Threats to Independence: Self Interest threats; Self Review threats; Advocacy threats; Familiarity threats; Intimidation threats.

• Safeguards to Independence; Professional Scepticism, Terms of Audit Engagements Preconditions for an audit; Audit Engagement

• Agreement on Audit Engagement Terms

• Terms of Engagement in Recurring Audits (SA 210 Agreeing the Terms of Audit Engagements)

• Overview and Introduction of SQC 1 Quality Control for Firms that Perform Audits and Reviews of Historical Financial Information and Other Assurance and Related Services Engagements

• Overview and Introduction of SA 220 - Quality Control for an Audit of Financial Statements).

SECTION A : FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Objective:

• To develop an understanding of various aspects of Financial Management and acquire the ability to apply such knowledge in decision-making.

• To understand various finance functions like financing decision, investment decision, dividend decision.

• To develop an understanding of working capital management and its component

Financial Management and Financial Analysis

Introduction to Financial Management Function

• Introduction to Financial Management Function

• Objective and scope of financial management

• Profit Maximisation, Wealth Maximisation and Value Creation

• Role of Financial Manager and Financial Controller

• Financial management environment

• Functions of finance executives in an organisation

• Financial distress and insolvency

Financial Analysis through Ratios

• Users of financial analysis.

• Sources of financial data for analysis.

• Calculation and Interpretation of ratios.

• Limitations of ratio analysis

Financing Decisions and Cost of Capital

Sources of Finance

• Different Sources of Finance, Characteristics of different types of long-term debt and equity

• finance, Method of raising long term finance.

• Different Sources of short-term Finance.

• Contemporary sources of funding- P2P lending, Equity funding, Crowdfunding, Start-up funding, etc.

• Internal fund as a source of finance.

• International sources of finance

• Other sources of finance- Lease Financing, Sale and lease back, Convertible debt, Venture capital, Grants etc.

Cost of Capital

• Significance of cost of capital

• Factors of cost of capital

• Measurement of costs of individual components of capital

• Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

• Marginal cost of capital.

Capital Structure Decisions

• Significance of capital structure

• Determinants of capital structure

• Capital structure planning and designing

• Designing of optimum capital structure.

• Theories of Capital Structure and value of the firm-relevancy and Irrelevancy of capital structure

• EBIT- EPS Analysis, Breakeven- EBIT Analysis.

• Under/ Over Capitalisation

Leverages

• Types of Leverages- Operating,

• Financial and Combined. Analysis of leverages.

Capital Investment and Dividend Decisions:

Capital Investment Decisions:

Objective of capital investment decisions

Methods of Investment appraisal

Payback period, Discounted payback period.

Accounting Rate of Return (ARR).

Net Present Value (NPV) - The meaning of NPV, Strengths and limitations of NPV method, The working capital adjustment in NPV analysis, Capital rationing, Equivalent Annual Costs.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)- Limitations of the IRR method, Multiple IRRs.

Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)- Definition and explanation of MIRR, Process for calculating MIRR, Strengths of the MIRR approach. - Profitability Index

Dividend Decisions

• Basics of Dividends.

• Cash dividend, stock dividend/ bonus share, stock-splits, share buy back.

• Determinants of dividend.

• Relevancy and Irrelevancy of Dividend Policies- Traditional Approach, Walter’s model, Gordon’s model, Modigliani and Miller (MM) Hypothesis

Management of Working Capital:

• The management of working capital- Liquidity and Profitability.

• The Working capital financing decisions-Primary and Secondary Sources of Liquidity.

• The Working Capital Cycle (Operating Cycle), Effectiveness of Working Capital based on its operating and cash conversion cycles.

• Assessment of working capital requirement.

• Management of Accounts Receivables (Debtors).

• Factoring and Forfaiting.

• Credit Management:

- Credit granting.

- Monitoring accounts receivables.

- Debt collection.

• Management of Accounts Payables (Creditors). Management of Cash, Treasury management.

• Banking norms of working capital finance

SECTION B : STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (50 MARKS)

Objective: To develop an understanding of strategic management concepts and techniques and acquire the ability to apply the same in business situations

Introduction to Strategic Management

• Meaning and Nature of Strategic Management.

• Importance and Limitations of Strategic Management.

• Strategic Intent - Vision, Mission, Goals and Values.

• Strategic Levels in Organizations (Network, Corporate, Business and Functional)

Strategic Analysis: External Environment

• International and Macro Environment: PESTLE

• Analysis. Defining the industry for analysis (Value Chain, PLC).

• Porter's Five Forces - Industry environment analysis.

• Understanding customers and markets.

• Competition in the industry

Strategic Analysis: Internal Environment

• Understanding key stakeholders (Mendelow’s Model).

• Strategic drivers (Industry & markets, Customers, Channels, Product & Services, Competitive

• Advantage).

• The role of resources and capabilities.

• Combining external and internal analysis (SWOT Analysis).

• Gaining competitive advantage (Michael Porter’s Generic Strategies).

Strategic Choices

• Strategic Choices: Concentric, Conglomerate, Market Development, Product Development, Innovation, Horizontal integration, vertical integration, Turnaround, Divesture, Liquidation.

• How to Develop Strategic Options:

Ansoff’s Matrix

ADL Matrix

BCG Matrix

GE Matrix

Strategy Implementation and Evaluation

• Implementation: Formulation vs. Implementation Matrix, Linkages and Issues.

• Strategic Change through Digital Transformation.

• Organisation Structure (hard) and Culture (soft).

• Strategic Leadership.

• Strategic Control.

• Strategic Performance Measures